![]() PWM signals can be generated on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11. It is determined by the resistance of the RC filter resistor and cannot be low due to the low load capacity of the microcontroller outputs.Īrduino boards based on ATmega168/328 microcontrollers have 6 hardware pulse-width modulators. The disadvantages of using pulse-width modulators as a DAC also include a high output impedance. To achieve high accuracy of PWM conversion, you can use an additional circuit with analog switches and a reference voltage source. As a rule, the accuracy of PWM microcontrollers is not high. The conversion accuracy of pulse-width modulators is determined by the error in the amplitude of the pulses (i.e., the stability of the microcontroller power supply) and the value of the voltage drop across the digital output switches of the microcontroller. The green color shows the PWM diagram, the blue color shows the voltage at the output of the RC filter. Here are the SwCAD simulation results for 500Hz PWM and RC filters with cutoff frequencies of 500Hz, 50Hz and 5Hz.
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